MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics Miniaturized scale Electro Mechanical Systems or MEMS is a term authored around 1989 by Prof. R. Howe and others to portray a developing examination, where mechanical components, similar to cantilevers or films, had been made at a scale more much the same as microelectronics circuit than to machine machining. Be that as it may, MEMS isn't the main term used to depict this and from its multicultural inception it is otherwise called Micromachines, a term regularly utilized in Japan, or all the more comprehensively as Microsystem Technology (MST), in Europe. In any case, if the historical background of the word is pretty much notable, the word references are as yet mum about an accurate definition. All things considered, what could interface an inkjet printer head, a video projector DLP framework, a dispensable bio-investigation chip and an airbag crash sensor truly, they are on the whole MEMS, however what is MEMS? Apparently these gadgets share the nearness of highlights underneath 100 miniaturized scale meter that are not machined utilizing standard machining however utilizing different methods internationally called small scale creation innovation. Obviously, this basic definition would likewise incorporate microelectronics, however there is a trademark that electronic circuits don't impart to MEMS. While electronic circuits are inalienably strong and smaller structures, MEMS have gaps, cavity, channels, cantilevers, layers, and so forth, and, here and there, mimic 'mechanical parts. This directly affects their assembling procedure. In reality, in any event, when MEMS depend on silicon, microelectronics process should be adjusted to provide food for thicker layer statement, more profound drawing and to acquaint uncommon strides with free the mechanical structures. At that point, a lot more MEMS are not founded on silicon and can be fabricated in polymer, in glass, in quartz or even in metals [5, 6]. In this manner, if likenesses among MEMS and microelectronics exist, they currently obviously are two particular. All things considered, MEMS needs a totally extraordinary arrangement of psyche, where close to gadgets, mechanical and material information assumes a major job. 1.2 MEMS innovation The advancement of a MEMS segment has a cost that ought not be misevaluated however the innovation has the likelihood to bring interesting advantages. The reasons that quick the utilization of MEMS innovation can be arranged extensively in three classes: a) Miniaturization of existing gadgets, as for instance the creation of silicon based whirligig which decreased existing gadgets weighting a few kg and with a volume of 1000 cm3 to a chip of a couple of grams contained in a 0.5 cm3 bundle. b) Development of new gadgets dependent on rules that don't work at bigger scope. A regular model is given by the biochips where electrical are use to siphon the reactant around the chip. This supposed electro-osmotic impact dependent on the presence of a drag power in the liquid works just in channels with measurement of a small amount of one mm, that is, at smaller scope. c) Development of new instruments to connect with the small scale world. In 1986 H. Rohrer and G. Binnig at IBM were granted the Nobel cost in material science for their work on checking burrowing magnifying instrument. This work proclaimed the improvement of another class of magnifying lens (nuclear power magnifying lens, filtering close to optical magnifying lens) that shares the nearness of smaller scale machined sharp miniaturized scale tips with sweep beneath 50 nm. This small scale device was utilized to situate particles in complex game plan, composing Chinese character or confirming some expectation of quantum mechanics. Another case of this class of MEMS gadgets at a marginally bigger scope would be the improvement of miniaturized scale grippers to deal with cells for examination. 2.Micromirrors 2.1 History of Micromirror : As of late, deformable mirror gadgets (DMDs) have developed as another miniaturized scale electromechanical (MEM) innovation with colossal potential for future applications. As appeared in Fig. 1-1, the idea of deformable mirrors was created and used as right on time as 211 BC by Greek fighters to annihilate adversary ships [1]. 1 In any case, it was not until 1973 that genuine improvement of micromirror gadgets started to develop. Presently, a few plans of deformable mirrors have been manufactured, some before a viable use had been distinguished. It is these gadgets that are currently accepting genuine consideration as optical correspondence and related fields are growing. 2.2 BACKGROUND Mirror gadgets are a particular sort of spatial light modulator (SLM).Spatial light modulators are gadgets that can change the stage, plentifulness, as well as the bearing of proliferation of an occurrence light emission. Deformable mirror gadgets do this by moving an intelligent surface to accomplish the ideal impact. As of now, two unmistakable sorts of smaller scale mirrors are utilized [1]. Nonstop surface gadgets utilize one enormous intelligent film that is privately constrained by singular actuators to frame a persistent intelligent surface. Bazaar fun house mirrors are a case of such a gadget. Portioned gadgets, then again, utilize a mirror surface that is partitioned into various exclusively controllable littler mirrors. Greek fighters utilized sectioned mirrors to shape an allegorical intelligent surface which was utilized to center daylight onto adversary ships. 2 Divided gadgets are utilized today in the arrangement of enormous explanatory mirrors. As appeared in Figure 1-2, the essential reflection of numerous cutting edge optical telescope frameworks is involved portioned deformable mirrors. Before, the size-restricting element in such frameworks has been the size of the essential mirror which must be precisely steady yet light enough to move to different situations all through a full field of view. Bigger mirrors were every now and again harmed or made harm different segments of the telescope when development was endeavored. With the use of sectioned deformable mirror innovation, as far as possible in adjustable essential mirror size can be stretched out since a lot lighter and littler mirrors can be separately tied down, controlled, and put nearby each other to shape the vital illustrative mirror. The divided mirrors are not just positioned at a slight edge to one another, yet are molded by the fragmented actuators and are allowed to twist to shape littler allegorically bended surfaces. The fragmented actuators are controlled by the control gadgets which get data from the laser figure sensor and the edge PC which is then converted into a fundamental change in the position or state of the mirrors. These observing gadgets consistently check the status of the sectioned mirrors to keep up the illustrative type of the whole gadget and to guarantee that no holes or extreme discontinuities are available in the outside of the essential mirror which would bring about a misshaped picture or a misfortune in picture goals. The essential standards of this perceptible innovation can likewise be utilized in tiny applications which include creating deformable mirrors on incorporated circuits. A few types of micromirrors have developed that join on-chip tending to hardware with the small scale mechanical mirrors [1]. The geometric and material varieties of these gadgets exhibit that deformable mirrors can be planned and executed for an assortment of explicit employments. The micromirror gadgets at present utilized are fragmented surface gadgets in which the incitation of a little intelligent mirror is constrained by a solitary location terminal. The metallized reflect and the location anode of the gadget structure an equal plate capacitor. The voltage between the mirror and the anode makes an electrostatic power following up on the mirror the descending way. The flexures holding the mirror are intended to misshape, permitting the mirror to move vertically with applied voltage. The subsequent spring power of the flexures follows up on the mirror the upward way, countering the electrostatic power of the capacitor. 3.MICROMIRROR ACTUATION METHODS FOR SENSING 3.1 Electromagnetic Actuation: A micromirror can be diverted in two different ways by electromagnetic activation. To begin with, by utilizing Lorentz power to move a designed loop by applying outside attractive field. Second, by unpleasant/appealing powers to repulse/pull in the attractive material connected to the mirror from/to the actuator. Advances in material manufacture to give thick film statement of attractive material on the outside of small scale actuators ought to lessen voltage and current prerequisites. Attractive MEMS can offer non-contact activity, and can incite mechanical reverberation by attractive component excitation. In any case, warm financial plan forced by the current CMOS innovation confines the creation of the attractive film on the substrate from arriving at the ideal attributes [3]. 3.2 Piezoelectric Actuation: The piezoelectric activation exploits the relating physical disfigurement to applied electrical voltage property . It has moderately lower activity voltage (3-20 Volt DC) with low force utilization, better linearity, and quick exchanging time 0.1 to 1.0 milliseconds [3]. 3.3 Thermal Actuation: The primary preferred position of warm incitation is the effortlessness of the manufacture technique. Be that as it may, by and large, warm activation will in general have higher force utilization and moderate reaction time. The out-of-plane warm small scale actuator utilizes warm extension because of ohmic warming. A meager arm and wide arm setup with one end fixed to the substrate has nonlinear property because of temperature reliance . 3.4 Electrostatic Actuation: Notwithstanding experiencing the draw as a result, nonlinear conduct, and higher working voltage, the electrostatic incitations quick reaction time (under 0.1 ms), low force utilization, and the ease of coordination and testing with electrical control framework make the electrostatic activation one of the favored decisions for micromirror incitation . The activity voltage of the micromirror can be brought down while accomplishing progressively precise diversion if the firmness of torsion bar is decreased. In any case, when the firmness is brought down, the normal recurrence of the micromirror additionally diminishes, along these lines decreasing operational bandw

Review & Critical Thinking: Music of the World Essay

1. What are the Hurrian tunes? For what reason would they say they are significant? The Hurrian melodies are a lot of fragmentary relics just as an almost complete case of documented music from around 1400 BCE. They are significant in light of the fact that it was the principal bit of proof that there was composed melodic pieces and these tunes were played during significant life occasions with the end goal that as relationships and regal family births. 2. What is the Natya Shastra? For what reason is it significant? The Natya Shastra is a composed talk on the performing expressions, including music, move, stage exhibitions, and that the same. The significance of music to antiquated India is best observed through Natya Shastra. It was additionally significant in light of the fact that it gave very point by point data on the sorts of instruments that were utilized at that point and types of music that was famous. 3. Who were troubadours? How was their music? Troubadours were voyaging artist artists who headed out here and there, singing and performing for the high society. Their music was commonly monophonic and went with themselves with an instrument like the lyre or drums. 4. What are the modes in Western music? Portray at any rate one mode in Western music. There are seven unique modes: Dorian, Ionian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian. Dorian mode in C starts and finishes on D. 5. What is polyphonic music? How can it contrast from monophonic music? Polyphonic music utilizes at least two autonomous tunes; while monophonic music has just a single free tune. Basic Thinking Questions 1. For what reason did early people create music? What are a portion of the manners in which that they were thought to make music? A few researchers accept that music created from regular sounds and rhythms and people emulated these sounds, as they are known to mirror the commotions they hear. Consequently early music was likely basic sounds rehashed for satisfaction and to make responses from creatures during chasing. A portion of the manners in which they were thought to make music was through their own voices and made instruments. 2. For what reason is the examination ofâ prehistoric and antiquated music significant? What would we be able to gain from it? The investigation of ancient and old music is significant on the grounds that it gives us knowledge and comprehension of where we developed from and how we progressed in music up until this very day, and we wouldn’t realize exactly how well we progressed on the off chance that we didn't consider ancient and old music. Fro m this we can figure out how the instruments in both timeframes were utilized and what use they may have had. 3. What jobs did music play in the life of ancient and old individuals? Are the jobs like or not quite the same as the jobs that it plays today? In the past music was not as large of an arrangement as it is today. A few people may have utilized music for diversion yet the principle utilization of music in ancient and antiquated occasions was for strict reasons with the end goal that of functions. The jobs are diverse in that we use music for a large number of reasons, regardless of whether it be to wake us up for school or help us in resting; or in any event, when we need something to perk us up following a long and hard day or possibly something to quiet us down after a warmed contention. We use music today for our pleasure just as for our feelings. 4. What were the impacts of melodic documentation on music, culture, and authors? Music documentation takes into consideration various individuals to have the option to figure out how to play an instrument without hearing it just as having composed records of arrangers long after they have passed. It additionally permits an author to make music without continually recalling that it at the highest point of their head. 5. Depict medieval music’s relationship with the Catholic Church. How was the music affected by the Church? The Catholic Church affected medieval music during the Middle Ages through reciting and exhibitions by priests however before long created melodic sounds which were blended together. The Catholic Church didn't utilize instruments and the individuals who went to their exhibitions enjoyed the commotion that was being delivered by the congregation.

Using Personal Essay Examples From Fourth Grade

Using Personal Essay Examples From Fourth GradePersonal essay samples from fourth grade do not have to be as complex or long as a college thesis. Fourth graders are not going to suddenly be ready to write a dissertation, nor should they expect to have to do so. The time to write your essay is not when you are tired and cranky, but when you are excited and eager to learn. The project is going to be the same even if you grade it on a curve or turn it into a speech.Yes, you heard me correctly. You do not have to turn your fourth grade essay into a 3 minute speech. It is perfectly acceptable to use third grade essays to guide you in writing the essay you want to write. Some of the styles used in fourth grade are going to work just as well as some of the more difficult styles used in high school. While you may not use some of the more difficult styles from high school, you will most likely use a great deal of the less difficult material.For example, the first section of fourth grade is th e 'information' section. This section is primarily vocabulary and sentence structure. Fourth graders are very good at forming sentences and using their words in sentences that are balanced and flow well.You will find that when you use this material, even though you are teaching to fourth graders, you can still get them to apply certain subject matter and information. This is because it works for fourth graders. Also, this material is used by most teachers, so it is familiar ground for most fourth graders.Fourth grade essay samples will give you a general outline of topics that you may want to cover in your personal essay. You can use this information to turn the sections into small manageable tasks. You may want to skip the grammar portions, but keep the general topic of the paper. Write one or two paragraphs on each topic and then work backward from the beginning of the paper to where you want to take the essay. It may not be easy to continue down the essay path you started, but as long as you continue in the direction you want to go, you will get there.Your essays do not have to be as lengthy as you think they should be. Try to keep the length of your essay to three to four thousand words. This is a good length for most essays. You can make it shorter by including images and charts. This is part of writing about personal experiences, so use your imagination when doing this.Fourth grade essays are made to be completed as quickly as possible. This means that the first paragraph will need to be really good. If you find it hard to write well, practice your first paragraph in a paper and bring your text back and use that instead of the essay text.There are many ways to use essay samples from fourth grade. There is no right or wrong way to do it. Just make sure you are not trying to write an essay as you would college level work.

Convoluted Feminism in Laurie R. Kings The Beekeeper’s...

King’s Mary Russell series aimed to update the Sherlock Holmes cannon to the modern feminist era. However, King’s The Beekeeper’s Apprentice complicates its own feminist views through Mary’s approval seeking behavior, male disguises, and prevalent sentiments. The most ineffective was King’s The Beekeeper’s Apprentice undermines its feminist stance is through Mary’s approval seeking behavior. Approval seeking behavior is extremely common throughout society. Young children want their parents to approve of them and peers yearn to be respected by one another. Mary is no exception to this. Holmes’ approval is what she is looking for in particular. Mary asked Holmes if her presence was an embarrassment to him (111). Mary’s insecurities and dependence does not fit in to the competent, independent female archetype that feminism supports. The feminist female model would not need validation, much less validation from a male. Howeve r, this action is commonplace for all ages and genders. Holmes entered Mary’s residence without her knowledge and then informed her that â€Å"[he] shall allow [her] to make the next decision.† (233) in order to apologize for his actions. The roles have reversed here; Holmes now seeks approval from Mary. The Beekeeper’s Apprentice goes back on itself in an effort to further muddle its feminist stance through Holmes’ own approval seeking behavior. Holmes’ request for forgiveness and approval also underscores the fact that this behavior is universal.

Islamic bank in uae - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3530 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction With the start of century new development in the economic front happened and the most important was Islamic bank. Financial institution around the world saw new things emerging from Islamic bank such as Islamic socioeconomic, benefits and believes to stop interest rates and unethical activities of financial institution. Islamic bank provide new methods and new form of investment for development of economy. Islamic bank has given world and financial institution new air to breath. Islamic banking has made some important political, social, and economical changes around the world. Islamic Banking Islamic bank has develop new definition for itself and it is define as a financial entity which can maximize the wealth of its share holders with benefits for the society based on Islamic principle or Islamic Shariah. (Islamic banking, 2010) Islamic banking is the banking system in which banking is done according to Islamic laws and to guide economic in Islamic terms. It is important to note that Islam prohibit and stops the use of usury and interest (riba) in any kind. Islamic banking also prohibits and stops involvement of banks in business related to gambling, pornography, alcohol and pork etc. Islamic banking has developed in late 20th century and it has created and catered the needs of Islamic consumer around the world according to developed technology of 20th century. (Islamic banking, 2010) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic bank in uae" essay for you Create order Principles Of Islamic Banking There are main pillars in Islamic financial systems which are important for Islamic banking workability. Principle of Islamic banking includes laws and rules and they are called Shariah which governs many parts of society such as culture, economy and society as a whole. (Islamic banking, 2010) Shariah started from the rules of Quran and its practices which then explain by Sunnah and by Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). Further explanation of the Shariah is done by Islamic jurisprudent, and this interpretation is important for correct Islamic banking. (Islamic banking, 2010) There are different principles of Islamic banking which I will cover and explain. 1. Interest: Interest is considers bad thing in Islam because it is beyond the pale in increase of capital/money in many forms loans or deposits. More importantly we can say any increase in varies banking such as fix banking, to increase the profit is considered to be prohibited because it generates unhealthy profits. Interest (riba) is prohibited in Islamic banking but also charging is also prohibited in Islam because it creates debate on equality and rights (Warde, 2000). Islam is a peaceful religion and it encourage earning of profits but it discourage the interest in Islamic banking. Social system must have balance and lender and borrower should share the profit or lose and Islamic banking provides such socially acceptable phenomena. 2. Risk partaking: Risk partaking is not allowed in Islamic banking because supplier becomes unjustified-ably the benefited rather than the creditor. Islamic bank provide financial capital and its profit and loses must be shared to decrease risk partaking in general practice of financial activities. 3. Capital: Capital is also known as potential money and it makes actual capital join with other resources to make productive activity. Islamic banking recognize the value of money and but it prefers capital not the potential capital. 4. Speculative behaviour : Speculative behaviour is considered bad in Islamic banking because it involves extreme level of uncertainty and risk for capital investment and utilization (Islamic banking, 2010). Example includes gambling and anything related to gambling. 5. Purity of contracts: Islam is the religion which inhabits purity in it and it implement this purity in contracts because contracts should disclose all the necessary information to be known. Purity of contracts reduce asymmetric and hazard risk (Islamic banking, 2010). 6. Shariah activities: Islam involves only things which are based upon shariah and doesnt violate sharish in any form. Example of approved shariah activities includes any investment in dealing with gambling, pork and pornography is illegal (Islamic banking, 2010). Banking Risk And Islamic Banking Understanding the banking risk is very important Islamic banking because in determines a competitive and volatile market environment for complex banking business process. A bank should be aware of risk when it is operating or taking any process into consideration. Below are the risk and factors an Islamic bank should consider in general banking environment. Finance Product And Instruments In Islamic Bank There are many type of financial instrument the Islamic banks use and these are sometimes simple and sometimes complicated due to various banking aspect. 1. Debt instruments: Debt instruments include Murabaha (Murabaha is determination of resale price based upon cost and profit markup), Salam (Salam define the deferred delivery of goods and it is opposite of Murabaha), Istisna ( Istisna is financial lending for long term), and Qard al-Hasan ( Qard al-Hasan is interest free loan). (Iran International, 2006) 2. Quasi-debt instruments: Quasi-debt instruments have Ijara which means leasing contract by group leases assets for specific rent and terms. The bank has to bear all the risk associated with ownership and assets can be negotiated based on market price and sale of Ijara contract. (Iran International, 2006) 3. Profit loss sharing instruments: Profit and loss sharing instrument has Musharaka which is an entity under which bank and client jointly take a financial project. Ownership can be decided based on involvement of finance in the project. Profit and loss sharing is also agreed between two groups and there should be no violation of contract or misconduct in any terms. (Iran International, 2006) 4. Islamic Bonds: Islamic bond include Sukuk which is basically a financial certificate and it is Islamic equivalent of bond. There are some types of financial certificate which are not allowed in Islamic finance such as fix income and interest baring bonds. (Islamic banking, 2010) 5. Safe keeping: Safe keeping includes Wadiah in which bank is considered as trustee of fund. A person has account in the bank, bank assurance the amount of the account. (Islamic banking, 2010) 6. Agency: Agency is defined as waqalah which undertakes persons all transactions on his behalf. (Islamic banking, 2010) Current Practices In Islamic Banking Islamic banking are collective at the point of interest free banking and they have equal and distributed basic agreed principles to work on. Islamic bank can be different according to individuality and country laws, aims and objectives, experience and circumstances and interaction based upon free from interest rates. In the coming paragraph I will describe the common features implemented by Islamic banks around the world. (Gafoor, 1995) Deposit Accounts Islamic banks have different kind of account which includes investment, current, and savings account. Current Accounts A current account equal to conventional bank account and in it deposit is assurance. Savings Accounts Saving account operate differently in Islamic banks. In few banks depositor is allowed to use money but they have to obtain assurance of getting full money to the bank. Banks allow several methods to attract customers but no profit is promised. In other few saving accounts an account is treated as investment account and has various strings attach to it. (Gafoor, 1995) Investment Account Investment account are accounts in which amount is deposit for unlimited time upon the request of the investor share is done in profit between bank and investor. In investment account the capital is not assured. Modes Of Financing There are different modes of finance which are implemented by Islamic bank and called trade, lending and investment finance. Investment Financing There are three main category of investment financing. They are: 1. Musharaka: Musharaka in which bank joins another group to setup another joint venture, both groups participate in project in varying form. The profit and loss is determined before the start of the project. (Gafoor, 1995) The concept of musharaka is similar to join venture concept and venture is independent entity from which bank withdraw step by step. 2. Mudarabha: Mudarabha is a form in which a Islamic bank provides finance and the person provides the expertise and management. (Gafoor, 1995) Profit and lose in this is also define before the start of project. But the important thing is that loses are usually taken by bank. 3. Estimated rate of return: under this type of investment bank determine the estimate price of returns for specific project undertaken by bank. If the project is finished and profit is more than estimated amount then the profit goes to the client, and if the loses is in the profit then the bank will accept lower rate. Trade Financing There are five main category of investment financing. They are: 1. Mark-up: Mark-up is the type of trade financing in which banks buy items from client and client agrees to pay to the bank on agreed profit. 2. Leasing: Leasing is type of trade financing in which bank buy item for client and client has to payback the amount in specific allowed time. 3. Hire-purchase: Hire-purchase is the purchase in which the bank buys an item for client and hires him for agreed rent or cost for specific time until client becomes the owner. 4. Sell and buy back: Sell and buy back is in which client sells property to the bank and buy back from the bank at a agreed price. 5. Letters of credit: Letters of credit is where bank assurance for importing items for a client. Lending There are two main category of investment financing. They are: 1. Service charge loans: service charge loan is the service charge where bank lends money without interest and bank covers expense by service charge. 2. No-cost loans: No-cost loans are for people like farmers with small land, producers with small production and they are very needy person or clients. Services Islamic banks also provide services which are also important such as money transfer, trade in different currencies, and bill assortment where banks own money and not involves in commission. (Gafoor, 1995) Islamic Banking In UAE Islamic bank started in UAE according the law of 1985 number 6 of article 1, 2, 3, and these laws governs Islamic bank and financial institute in UAE. (Centralbank, 1985) These articles are made so they are compatible with UAE and Shariah laws. To work in UAE in Islamic banking it has to conduct its activities according to principle of Islamic Shariah. Islamic banks in UAE have the right to conduct commercial, investment and other financial related activities openly and clearly. Islamic banks also have the right to do lending and other financial operation and they can also move their assets and benefit from these assets according to its shariah law (Centralbank, 1985). UAE has number of Islamic banks and the number is increasing each year and so the development of the UAE. (Tahir, 2006)Dubai Islamic bank is the first bank which is free from interest and it also practice Islamic banking according to shariah and this bank is based on the idea of Muslim endorsement by OIC (Organ ization of the Islamic Conference). Strategies Of Islamic Banks In UAE In the UAE the strategic management considered that it is group of decisions and activities in the present to ensure the performance of institutes in the future, these decisions included forming specific aims that should be achieved upon dissimilar periods of time begins with short period of time passing with middle period of time, finishing with the distant period of time, the strategic management consists of three stages: 1- The strategic environmental analytical stage: and it depends on studying of the two environments the interior and the exterior to the institute in order to identified the strategic management and use it in the next step the organization environment contains four main materials the chances given, the risks, in the exterior environment, and the weak and the strength points in the interior environment. The strategic planning strategy contains making four followed activities, and does them to achieve the institutes aims and its strategic plans and its differen t policies. (Pealow, 2000) 2- The execution stage: it contains put plans and policies which have been developed in the last stage in effective application, during to the application programmes and balance sheet and different other procedures. (Pealow, 2000) 3- The watching strategic stage: this stage contains evaluate the institute performance to ensure that the strategic aims applied according to the plans and the correcting procedures to correct mistakes and effective watching for the application. But the human resource strategic is decision making process relates to the human resource system that make the human resource system with the environmental conditions and to support the institutes strategic and achieve it strategic aims to face the exchange that face the institute according the environmental conditions. (Pealow, 2000) There is difference between work force planning and the human resource strategy but the human resource, so the work force planning strategy foc us on application employments in human resources management because it is a part from the institute strategy and work with it to achieve the strategic aims, the human strategic human resources materials identify through to: 1- Studying the environmental materials that surrounded the institute from all its side and the human resource system. 2- Putting on the human resources aims with supporting the general aims of the institute and working on doing them. 3- Apply the human resource private strategy that supports its general strategy. 4- Apply the work plans and policies and the private time programmes of human resource that support the strategy. Management Of Islamic Bank In UAE Now the differentiate between the local and international business demands on the banking environment the great generated development from the quick technical development that dominate on the business with two its forms productive and serving, in all organizations, and the actual of competition that depending on the employ career and modern technology, in the work sector adding development and improvement in the productions and services in all kinds and forms, that achieves the organizations aim to destroy the competitions obstacles, and apply its planes, due to the progressing improvement in the field of development and progress of the organizations strategies. And to achieve all of these things, it is necessary and duty of the managements find strategic professional management for human resources and it should be the productive and creative basic of the organization with specialist rule can be deal with the environmental changes, and to integrate its strategy with the organiza tion strategy that it deals with to use the chances and face changes and the ability to self built, that helps to achieve strategic aims for managements and organizations. The process of educated and trained human resource the most important cases that the banks and institutes related to, so on the developing nations take great importance combined with great desire to develop and improve the work performance for the workers and identify their productivity, in this research we will study the strategic management for human resource as group of modern systems that completed to achieve human resource system that aims to support the organization strategies to face changes with environmental cases that achieve its development and progressing. Challenges Facing Islamic Banking Islamic banking faces many challenges around the world. There are many challenges related to conventional banking, globalization, competition, price and quality, economy, growth, capital and long term investment. The Islamic banking has many weaknesses and strengthens which make them workable in hostile environment. (Challenges facing Islamic, 2005) Islamic bank should develop global banking industry and open their self for financial balance and attracting large number of clients for greater ability to attract the capital and providing best possible service. (Tahir, 2006)Islamic bank should also provide better rule and standards, good station, good technical system, good financial technology and innovation. Islamic bank should also regulate itself according to international Islamic financial market. (Challenges facing Islamic, 2005) There are many challenges related to commercial aspects affecting Islamic banking and Islamic institution. Below diagram illustrate the differenc es which are faced by Islamic bank in no-commercial and commercial pressure. The Islamic Bank In UAE And Market Discipline UAE as new creative and development country adapt all new changes that related to business so that it could continues and implement always the demands of world economy and created relations in a way for stronger marketing improvement. And since the banking investment it is one main way to achieve the successful in business environment, as a result the UAE government id support and help to have 8 Islamic banks that been entered to the market in all UAE with capital investment exceed trillions of dollars. So all these banks did already start their operations and did increase the preference in the huge economy of UAE. So, all banks in UAE do have plans to get more profits ASAP based on the visions and missions to become as one of the leading banks in the world (Archer Karim, 2007). Islamic banks in UAE considered as a multinational organizations network that spread all over the region. There are legends in innovation founded in UAE economy. They do provide products and a service i n different countries, recently employed thousands of people around the region, and sells and services real estate and other retails in many countries. Market discipline plays an important role in banking and if an Islamic bank has to develop; it has to follow the steps of information, ability, incentives and mechanism combining with market discipline which is shown diagram below. (Archer Karim, 2007) Figure 3: Developing market discipline in Islamic Banking Islamic Banks Nature Of Innovation Nature of economy is changing developed world, more and more innovation is needed for continuous growth. (Tahir, 2006)The challenge face by today world is crisis which is faced by different organization and institutions. This crisis makes difficulty in lending, decline in non-financial organization cooperation for growth so we need innovative concept and technique which are in early Islamic banking such as Mufawada, and Mudarabah. (Iqbal, 2001) Below are the growth factors in variable terms and it effect on Islamic banking, these analysis give us the perspective where the Islamic bank are standing and where they should go in coming decade. v IBs stands for Islamic Banks v CG stands for control group which consist of conventional banks. Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank investment growth was 11.3% while control group has negative growth. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had a decrease growth 7.3 % while control group had increase growth of 9.1%. Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank assets growth were 9.3% while control group has asset growth of 4.8%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had a decrease growth 6.8 % while control group had increase growth of 6.6%. Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank equity growth were 7.9% while control group has asset growth of 6.4%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had increase growth 10.5 % while control group had decrease growth of 4.7%. In 1990-94 Islamic bank deposits growth were 9.3% while control group has deposit growth of 3.1%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had decrease growth 6.1 % while control group had increase growth of 7.2%. Conclusion Islamic banking is a very young concept compare to traditional banking, still it is implemented in Islamic countries but Islamic countries there is also traditional banking which is the threat to Islamic banking. Despite the success of Islamic banking there are few problems in Islamic banking which are related to area of finance. (Gafoor, 1995) To get rid of problems Islamic banking, Islamic bank should get rid of unwieldy, troublesome and uncertain financing activities, and have efficient and effective interest free banking. In Islamic banking it has all needed and basic required element for successful banking but they need little modification, such modified example is mudaraba financial service. Islamic bank also should operate in non-Muslim countries and they should give positive alternative to conventional banking for non Muslim people. (Gafoor, 1995) Finance is unique feature of Islamic banking and it should be relevant to shariah and Islamic principle, but it must not f orget to have a country which can develop itself on Islamic banking. Reference 1. Archer, S., Karim, R. A. (2007). In Islamic Finance: The Regulatory Challenge (pp. 14,99,372). Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. 2. Iqbal, M. (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. 3. Warde, I. (2000). Riba, Gharar and The Moral Economy Of Islam. In Islamic Finance in the Global Economy (pp. 55-59). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4. Pealow, J. (2000). Strategic Management And Accountability For First Nations. Retrieved January 27, 2010, from https://www.icpas.org.sg/epublication/saa-attachment/Andy%20Tan%20Write%20Up.pdf 5. Islamic banking. (2010, January 28). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:13, January 28, 2010, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_bankingoldid=340499942 6. Iran International. (2006, March). Islamic Finance Gears Up. Retrieved January 24, 2010, from Iran International Magazine: https://www.iraninte rnationalmagazine.com/issue_39/text/islamic%20finance.htm 7. Gafoor, A. A. (1995). Current Practices. Retrieved January 20, 2010, from Islamic Banking: https://www.islamicbanking.nl/chap4.html#_Toc3149103 8. Centralbank. (1985, December 15). LawNo6 -1985. Retrieved January 23, 2010, from UAE Central Bank: https://centralbank.ae/pdf/LawNo6-1985-IslaminBanks.pdf 9. Challenges facing Islamic. (2005, August 5). Challenges facing Islamic financial institutions. Retrieved January 25, 2010, from Khaleej Times Online: https://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/business/2005/August/business_August104.xmlsection=businesscol= 10. Tahir, S. (2006). Challenges facing Islamic finance: Research Areas. Retrieved January 25, 2010, from https://www.cba.edu.kw/elsakka/DL-06Tahir_Challenges_DrTahir.pdf

Steps For Solving Problem Solving - 1118 Words

(1)Steps for â€Å"problem solving†- Problem identification: Despite the fact that business issues as a broken bit of apparatus or an angry client are promptly evident, numerous issues present themselves in a more unobtrusive design. For instance, if an association s general deal is expanding, however, its rate of piece of the overall industry is declining, there is no consideration snatching occurrence to demonstrate that an issue exists. In any case, the critical thinking system is still useful in dissecting the present situation and adding to an administration, mediation to manage the firm toward the future fancied state. Problem verification: The measure of assets that ought to be committed to check will fluctuate incredibly, relying on how the issue itself is shown. In the event that the issue is direct and very much characterized, just a superficial level of check may be proper. Be that as it may, numerous business issues are perplexing and badly characterized. These circumstances may be like the instance of a doctor who is going up against with a patient that has self-analyzed his restorative condition. Problem definition: The following stride in critical thinking is to formally characterize the issue to be tended to. This is a transaction between the people tasked with taking care of the issue and the people who over-see their work. Basically, the gatherings need to go for a concurrence on what an answer to the issue will resemble. Alternative generation: When theShow MoreRelatedSteps And Effective Problem Solving Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesCounterproductive Steps Effective Problem Solving As a student at my institution, in pursuit of my electrical engineering degree, my professor would always make the statement â€Å"As an engineer, you will be paid to solve problems.† After graduating, and entering the workforce, I realized that there really wasn’t a proper method of solving problems in order to achieve solutions for the team’s problems. 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Impact of Transportation Due to Population Growth in NSW - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Transportation Due to Population Growth in NSW. Answer: According to Parliament.nsw.gov.au (2017), the estimated quantitative population of Australia in December 2001 was about 19.6 million which is an increased population of approximately 1.3 percent of the total population present in 2000. The population of Australia has a steady increase with an annual rate of about 1.3 percent per year during 1996 to 2001 (Infrastructure Publications, 2017). The increase in population was due to naturally excessive birth rates over death rates which results in more growth of population compared to migration in Australia. As all countries needs transportation service for establishing a connection with people to their jobs, essential services and communities, Australia is also in need of transportation. In Australia, one out of eight people use public transport for their daily purpose. Driving own car is considered as the most important mode of transport in Australia. Near about 80 percent of total travel is done by own driving. Due to this, Australia s uffers from worst congestion on roads. Costs on congestion that can be avoidable in capital of Australia continue to rise to near about 30 billion dollar in the year 2013 from 16.5 billion dollar (Ting, 2017). In peak hours, Sydney faces the most congestion control on roads. Speed of the cars on some major roads of Sydney limits to about 25km/hr in last two years. Data also shows that in the afternoon peak hours, cars get struck in the traffic for about six hours on Clyde road and Concord road. References Infrastructure Publications. (2017).Infrastructure.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/publications/ Population Growth: Implications for Australia and Sydney.Parliament.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/population-growth-implications-for-australia-and/05-03.pdf Ting, I. (2017).Peak hour in Sydney is getting worse and longer, data shows.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/peak-hour-in-sydney-is-getting-worse--and-longer-data-shows-20160310-gnftvd.html

Vocational Education in America free essay sample

An analysis of the future of vocational education in America. This paper discusses the pros and cons of vocational education training in the U.S. and how it can be seriously jeopardized by state and local cut-backs. Vocational education is most often part of state and local cut-backs. It is also worth noting that in 1965 the voters in St. Louis County passed a tax levy to provide 10 cents per $100 in assessed valuation for vocational education. Today, almost 30 years later, the district still uses only about 11 cents of its levy to provide vocational education (Wolfrum, 1995). The decline of student enrollments in vocational education over the last 10 years is not limited to the St. Louis area. It seems to be a national trend due largely in part to the perception that a college education is necessary and that vocational students do not need further education (Wolfrum 1995).

Information Technology Acts Essay

Information Technology Acts Essay Information Technology Acts Essay Information Technology Acts Reshonda Brewster BIS/220 Craig Bialy November 8, 2011 Information Technology Acts Technology and computer information systems are advancing at a rapid pace. With the access of the Internet on computers, mobile phones, iPads, and other tablet devices makes it easier for communication. Schools are teaching children as young as toddlers to use computers and the Internet for learning and recreational use. According to Kidsource Online (2009), â€Å"Children 3 and 4 years of age are developmentally ready to explore computers, and most early childhood educators see the computer center as a valuable activity center for learning† (para. 4). The Internet has posed a potential threat over the years to many with unsolicited spam, viruses, and pornography that can invade a computer at any given moment. The Federal government has developed Acts to help protect children from the dangers of the Internet with (CIPA) Children Internet Protection Act and (COPPA) Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act from the potential threats. The Children’s Internet Protection Act Congress passed Children Internet Protection Act in 2000 to protect children while using computers at schools and libraries from accessing offensive content through the Internet. CIPA requires schools and libraries to purchase a program named E-rate to block offensive information from computers (Federal Communications Commission, n.d.). According to Federal Communications Commission (n.d.), â€Å"The E-rate program makes certain communications technology more affordable for eligible schools and libraries† (para. 1). The information that schools and libraries must block or filter is pornography, unlawful activities harmful to minors, and restricts information that can be harmful to children. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act The Children’s Online Privacy Act (COPPA) was passed in 1998 to protect children under 13 years of age from revealing their personal information on commercial websites without parental consent (Koby, 2006). Marketers such as television, radio, and websites target children that resulted in children releasing private information when ordering products online or going to public (commercial) websites. Kolby (2006), This legislation grew out of the fact that by 1998 roughly [sic] ten

Huge inequality between Poor and Rich in China Essay

Huge inequality between Poor and Rich in China - Essay Example According to Gini Index, released recently indicates the income inequality between rich and poor, in rural China is 0.3949, near to the warning level of 0.4 fixed by the United Nations. Advanced research conducted by Central China Normal University's Center for China Rural Studies illustrated that the cash proceeds of rural families raised 14.13 percent and the per capita cash revenue in rural areas increased 11.95 percent. Agriculturalists in China aren’t becoming rich by farming activities. The rise in income growth in the rural areas are because of the salaries earned by those people who have uninhibited rural life to labor as migratory laborers in metropolises and big cities, the study stated. It is observed that the rural families are becoming more reliant on salaries received by their household members who work in cities. The study shown that salaries paid to the migratory employees estimated for 65.7%of the entire proceeds of rural families. Over and above the study as well established that the whole revenue of the top 20% of the rural families was 10.19 times more that of the lowest 20%. As per the study report, the prosperity difference in west China was larger than in the east of the nation. The appraisal by Central China Normal University did not study the income disparity of the country all together, since its scope was restricted to the rural region. But, it is stated by Xinhua, the state-owned news agency that the income disparity in China all together is well above 0.4, because of the huge income disparity amongst city and rural regions. In the year 2000, Chinese government issued a Gini index for the country which showed as 0.412. However many intellectuals at present believe that the index has gone up to between 0.45 and 0.50, stated Xinhua. The significance of Gini index is that ‘0’ indicate flawless equality and‘1’ indicate perfect inequality. The Gini index in the United States in 2009 was 0.468, referring to the U.S. Census Bureau. This is very close to the Gini index of China (Yoshida). The developing Asian countries like China, India, accepted the recent globalization move with comparable per capita GDP and income levels. However, China gone ahead with more to its open economy to the international market, despite the fact that major numbers of its coastline cities have made wide-ranging investment atmosphere for private investment. The outcome has been an amazing vibrant economic progress. Even though India has followed a similar system, however was slow in terms of opening up the economy and unsuccessful in making good investment atmosphere. Some of developing Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam has achieved remarkable success, however other nations such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Philippines has less progress because of lack of , investment opportunity and weaker links to the international market. The China’s continued progress resulted i n unparalleled poverty reduction. According to domestic studies, it is estimated that the poverty rate in China in 1981 was 64% of the populace. It has come down to 10% in 2004, showing that about 500 million people have overcome poverty throughout this period. This poverty decline has happened in phases. The change to the family obligation method boosted a large upsurge in agricultural yield, and scarcity was reduced to half over the small period from

Dilemma in business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dilemma in business communication - Essay Example The new employment opportunity could improve the issue that the employee has and at the same time challenge him to be the best. If I tell the truth about the employee’s drinking problem, the employer will be able to know what kind of employee they are taking in and will be in a position to curtail him to live up to the standards of the organization. However, this would diminish the employees chances of being employed. My rationale behind hiding the truth from the employer will be based on the fact that by searching for a new employment opportunity, the employee has changed positively and realized that sticking to a company’s policies and values is a requisite. My choice will also give the employee a new chance to grow career wise (Snoeyenbos, Almeder & Humber, 2001). Although it is in the best interest of companies to hire efficient employees, people with ethical issues should also be given chances to improve. This can be done through training, formulation of company policies which encourages ethical values at the workplace and having the managers in the forefront in the elimination of unethical

George Orwell Essay Example for Free

George Orwell Essay A comparison between Dickens hard times Orwells 1984 I am writing about two novels that seem to come across as very different. Orwells novel portraying a nightmarish image of his opinionated future of Britain. Where as Dickens novel creates a vision to represent Victorian education over 150 years ago. Both of these storylines dehumanise and dictate a society, both of very different kinds. Charles Dickens and George Orwells novels differ in the recreation of the society and in the plot of the actual storyline. The innocence of the children and the bleak severity of the head teacher is what dickens focuses on to display his thoughts of Victorian schools. In which Orwell depicts a society where everything is bleak and distraught and dictated by a soulless party, BIG BROTHER. Further more both novels were written at totally different generations, Dickens being the Victorian times and Orwells being the mid nineteen hundreds. Despite all these issues that divide the novels apart they seem to come across as very similar. Within closer inspection of the novels they seem to both control and authorise their societies. Orwell has used an empowering character as his leader; he has created a party lead by BIG BROTHER. Where as in Dickens approach to create a leader he has used a less excessive and extreme character called Mr Gradgrind, the head teacher who only implicates facts. Although he may not be as demanding as Orwells approach, he uses satire to dissolve the pupils mentality. Both of these characters apply a very dominating attitude towards there audience and offer them no thought and identity. Girl number 20 6079 Smith Both authors have produced an atmosphere where people who are commanded by them, are clarified as mindless objects; rather than individuals with an imagination. This strips them down to nothing but factorised minds in one case, and an imagination that hardly existed in Orwells novel. In an extract from Hard times, the author disembowels the imagination of the students and use the idea of Morgiana the 40 thieves. Not unlike Morgiana looking into all the vessels ranged before him This gives an idea of Mr Gradgrind pouring the facts from his factorised mind, into the students damaged imagination. This compares with Orwells approach, where BIG BROTHER brutally demolishes the entire imagination and thought, as they suffer in a decayed dystopia. An additional contrast linking the novels together is, the stern and domineering party in both societies. The BIG BROTHER party emphasises the issue of them surveying the society of the party members and this is persistently repeated in the novel. In which Mr Gradgrind constantly stresses the importance of facts and crushes the childrens minds, until they grasp the significance of facts. In this life, we want nothing but facts, sir; nothing but facts BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU These two quotations illustrate the emphasis and constant repetition of the parties. The author uses these effects to not only get the picture imprinted in the mind of the characters, but also into the readers. Furthermore, the BIG BROTHER party in Orwells novel, links very well with Dickens criticizing character, Mr Gradgrind. These two characters both contrast and appear as very similar in personality and in appearance. They both are displayed with a face that jolts the reader, and creates in their imagination; a daunting and depressing figure. The black-moustachioed face gazed down while the dark eyes looked into Winstons own While his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, over shadowed by the wall The first quotation is Orwell showing his opinion of BIG BROTHER gazing with fear, and this compares extremely well with dickens attempt to create the same sort of atmosphere. Dickens expresses more scarce by using a metaphor to show his view of a leader, he also goes into more detail about the bold figure of Mr Gradgrind. Not only do they link well in appearance, but also in attitude towards their society. Both seem to dictate, and show immense power on the regulations of their own society. In conclusion, I feel that both authors have created a society and atmosphere; that both link together and show many similarities. Although they may well both show differences, they dont even compare with the shear amount of evidence that link the novels together. Each author has created authority, control and power to create an atmosphere that can dictate a whole society. In this case the societies are very alike and the tone of speech used by each author is much the same. In my opinion, these two novels equally portray a society that can create a vision for the reader to see a glimpse of the past or what may be a glimpse of the future.

Japanese in America Essay -- essays research papers

Pocky, Anime, manga, kanji. Have you heard of any of these? If not†¦ where have you been? All around us teenagers, children, and even adults are being drawn into Japanese culture through TV, books, and even food. Japanese comics, called manga, take up more and more space on American bookshelves, and they've infused new life into the publishing industry. Japanese animation, anime, is on more and more movies and TV screens and influencing popular toys and games. Before the 80’s when people thought of Japanese imports, they thought of cars, TV’s, walkmans, and other electronics. Japanese pop culture is becoming increasingly popular and shows no signs of stopping. Now children are trying to learn Japanese and martial arts to be like their favorite anime character. Teens are learning to speak Japanese and adopting Japanese clothes, food, and even traditions. Adults are enthralled by the colorful and vast world of anime and manga and are amazed they can have such a lasting effect on their kids. Some people may wonder why Japanese anime and manga are so popular with kids and the answer is simple. They’re so different and captivating, everyone can find one they enjoy. You have action, comedy, romance, horror, fantasy, sci-fi, and tons more. Some even mix and match, making a truly wonderful and breathtaking experience. And it’s not just the movie and book industry either. Music, known as J-pop or J- rock, is taking up more and more room on the Internet. The Japanese bands are not o...

Early Childhood Education Programs Essay

Early childhood education or preschool education is education for children in the early stages of their childhood before they join school. Several researches that have been conducted by neuroscientists, pediatricians and other stakeholders shows that the biggest portion of the brain architecture takes place in the early childhood years. Research studies have also found out that intellectual and emotional development is critical during the first three years of life. Maria Montessori was one of many educationists who believe that the foundation of human development is laid during the child’s early years. She declared that: The most important period of life is not the age of university studies, but the first one, the period from birth to the age of six, (Pandor, 2008 para. 3). Many other educationists assert that the quality of education is determined in the first years of a child in school. Early Childhood Education Programs Preschool education or early childhood education is a quality education and it is beneficial to children from all economic and social groups. Development of quality early childhood programs should be emphasized as it can be viewed as a social and economic strategy. Investing in these programs is therefore not only important to the child but also to the development of the state and the country at large. A research conducted by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) in five states of the United States found out that â€Å"quality public preschool programs produce broad gains in children’s learning and development,† (NIEER, 2005 para. 4). According to the same study, state funded programs were found to have significant gains regardless of the child’s ethnic or economic and social background. The effects of the preschool programs were estimated by testing the literacy skills, vocabulary and academic skills of the kindergarteners. A total of 5,071 children in 1, 320 classrooms were tested in either English or Spanish depending on the child’s strongest language. The impacts on mathematics, literacy and language were statistically significant compared to the children without the program. Vocabulary scores were 31 percent higher than gains of children without the program. On mathematical skills which included basic skills such as counting money, simple additions and subtractions, number concepts and telling time, the gains increased to 44 percent. In print awareness the gains were 85 percent greater for children enrolled in state sponsored preschool programs compared to the growth of children who are not enrolled (NIEER, 2005). According to the NIEER study, participants at the age of 20 years were more likely to have cleared high school if they enrolled for the preschool programs. They were less likely to have required remedial education and also less likely to have committed juvenile crimes which warrant arrests. With the unnecessary costs of remedial classes and expenditure for justice systems and in addition to the increased revenues, it was estimated that there was a return of $7 for every dollar that was invested. At 27 years of age, participants had gained a higher level of education and their earnings were higher than those who did not enroll for the early childhood school programs. The number of those who received the social services was significantly low and the numbers of arrests were fewer. These studies were carried out on children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The befits gained can be intertwined in the sense that once this child gains a higher level of education most likely the earnings will be high, consequently economic prospects will be high, improvement on financial decisions, improved health and housing (NIEER, 2008). An opportunity to live in a classroom community, interact and get along with people from various socioeconomic backgrounds can be considered as a social benefit for children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Learning how to get along with others will result to improved social skills and emotional competence. These programs set a stage and give a child preparedness to enroll for the formal education. Apart from improving on their communication skills and getting higher scores in school tests, they have lesser behavioral issues once they enroll in the formal learning process. When a child goes through the pre kindergarten learning they succeed in school and become good citizens, earn more, commit less crimes and pay more taxes. â€Å"Every dollar invested in quality early care and education saves taxpayers up to $13. 00 in future costs,† (http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. n. d pp. 2). The success of the early child leaning relies heavily on the quality of the preschool programs. In an effort to improve the schools and the learning process, most states in United States have established public preschool programs to cater for less privileged and disadvantaged. Most of these programs are established on the principle that early intervention will help the child unleash his full potential. For example the mission for Head Start is â€Å"to ensure that no child in America is trapped in poverty’s grasp,† (United Way of America, 2005 pp. 1). These programs have been criticized and their effectiveness has been questionable. From the findings of NIEER (2005) studies, â€Å"vocabulary gains were three or four times greater than those in the Head Start study,† (para. 9). In spite of this big difference in performance, such aspects such as the class size and the length of day remained the same. This difference was attributed to high educational qualifications and good remuneration for teachers in state funded pre-kindergarten programs compared to Head Start. Almost all state funded programs studied in the five states required teachers to be licensed, have a certification in early childhood education and be a holder of a BA degree. In the case of Head Start the requirements half of the teachers were required to have a two-year Associate’s degree while the rest to have a Child Development Associate (requires only 120 hours of training to acquire CDA credential) or an equivalent (LIFESTYLENIEER, n. d). Abbot, another preschool program in New Jersey was established to serve the highest poverty districts within the state. Substantial resources have been invested in the school and NIEER annual report rated it as one those with highest quality standards nationwide. According to the Abbot preschool program longitudinal effects study by Frede et al (2007), â€Å"the results presented provides clear evidence that by participating in a high-quality program regardless of auspice, children are improving in literacy and math at least until the end of the kindergarten year,† (pp. 35). It therefore remains clear that high standard and accountability are key factors to the success of these programs. Recruitments of qualified and well educated teachers as has been observed in performing preschool programs are instrumental in guaranteeing good quality. These teachers must be adequately compensated to boost their morale and hence increasing productivity. The classes should be manageable. This can only be achieved by having a reasonable child to teacher ratio. Finally there should be strong supervision to ensure that standard and quality of learning is uncompromised. Conclusion All children are entitled to quality education. From the studies conducted a disadvantaged child is likely to gain more from preschool program. If these programs are expanded more disadvantaged children will enroll and they will develop positive peer effects when they enroll for the formal school learning. â€Å"Failing to invest sufficiently in quality early care and education shortchanges taxpayers because the return on investment is greater than many other economic development options,† (http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. n. d pp. 2). There should be universal large-scale and state wide programs to benefit the minority and the poor. Reference: Early Childhood Education for All, a Wise Investment, retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://web. mit. edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report. pdf. Frede E, Jung K, Barnett W. S, Lamy, C. E & Figueras, A. (2007): The Abbott Preschool Program Longitudinal Effects Study (Apples). Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from: http://nieer. org/resources/research/APPLES. pdf LIFESTYLENIEER (n. d): Economic Benefits Of Quality Preschool Education for America’s 3- And 4-Year Olds. Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from: http://nieer. org/resources/facts/index. php? FastFactID=6 Martina, A (2008): Column: Early Connections Are Key For Infants To Thrive. Retrieved on 20th July 2008 From: http://detnews. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20080715/OPINION03/807150398/100 National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) (2005):New Study Shows High Quality State Pre-K Programs Improve Language and Math Abilities of Children of All Backgrounds: State Programs with Higher Teacher Qualifications Outperform Head Start , retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://nieer. org/mediacenter/index. php? PressID=46 Pandor N (2008): A call to focus on firm foundations for learning, Journal of Education, Vol. 8. Issue No. 11, pp 21-27, Retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://www. anc. org. za/ancdocs/anctoday/2008/text/at11. txt United Way of America (2005): Early Childhood Education, retrieved on 20th July 2008 from http://www. liveunited. org/_cs

Binding Energy Definition

Binding Energy Definition: The energy required to either separate an electron from an atom or to separate the protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus.